Development of Water-soluble Metal

Development of Water-soluble Metal Development of Water-soluble metal working fluids and study of their wear properties Chidambaram CT, L.A.Kumaraswamidhas, Suman Dutta* Abstract Metalworking chemistry evolved from simple oils to water-based technology. The tool life was extended by reducing wear by metal working fluids. This study shows parameters affecting on Wear Scar Diameters (WSD) with different water soluble metal working fluid having different mineral oil and phosphorous EP additive content. The optimum mineral oil and phosphorous EP additive content of this metal working fluid has been estimated using 2-level factorial design. The Mean Ware Scar Diameter (MWSD) is determined experimentally. The test is performed at specific speed, load and temperature adopting four balls tribology test method as per ASTM D4172 test procedure. The results from wear tester indicate the role of mineral oil content and mixture of EP additives. The lubricants with poor wear results possess excellent extreme pressure qualities. Keywords : Water-soluble metal working fluid, wear scar, four ball tester, 2-level factorial design Introduction Metal Working fluids principal functions are to accelerate heat dissipation with increased tool service life, lubrication between tool, chip and workpieice with reduced tool wear and improvement of the work piece surface finish. The fluids cool and lubricate the metal tool interface [1]. Metal working fluid requirements will be removal of heat, transport of metal chips and lubricate between tool and metal. Water soluble metal working fluids and Neat oils are two types of working fluid. The simple aqueous solutions provide excellent cooling but are not adequate for maintaining the good lubrication. Under such circumstances, a compromise is achieved by the use of soluble oils that consist of mineral oil together with EP compounds. These soluble oils function satisfactorily in most of the operations but their EP activities remain to a limited extent [3]. The main advantages of water-based fluids are that they resist the growth of microorganisms and the development of objectionable odor s. The functional additives contribute to the total composition which includes emulsification, corrosion inhibition, lubrication, microbial control, lubrication, pH buffering, coupling, defoaming, dispersing and wetting. In order to understand the effects of wear, researchers are able to understand the reaction of two moving surfaces between the metal working fluid and the material [4]. For minimizing the wear, the lubricant plays important role to increase the life time of mechanical components. Extreme Pressure (EP) additives such as sulphur, chloride and phosphorous actually form metal complexes with the metal surface at elevated temperatures. Any of the EP additives or in combination used in formulation of water soluble metal working fluids to impart good lubricity. Wear to the cutting edge is usually accompanied by rounding of the tools tip and permissible wear width is an indicator of tool service life [6]. For this paper, 5% of different water soluble metal working fluids employed to Four ball Tribotester, following the ASTM Standard D4172 [7]. The analyses were focused on the wear scar diameter and the results showed that having poor wear results have excellent extreme pressure qualities. The optimum value of mineral oil and phosphate esters were estimated by 2-level factorial design Level Factorial Design. 2-Level Factorial Design A 2-level factorial design with two factors have been used for this study. The factor considered here are concentration of mineral oil and phosphorous EP additives. The design points are shown Fig. 1 and values of independent variables at two levels are given in Table 1. Materials and Methods. The following section illustrates the experimental procedure and the materials and equipment required for this purpose Materials Chrome alloy steel standard balls as per AISIE-521000 of 12.7mm diameter, extra polish grade 25 of Rockwell C Hardness 64 – 66 HRC. Every test, new four balls were used. These balls were cleaned by using Acetone and wiped by fresh lint before starting the test. Water Soluble Metal Working Fluids The function of Metal working fluids are to aid the cutting and grinding operations with good finish and maintain the work piece quality by extending the life of machine tools. The chemical additives are used to formulate metal working fluid will contribute for stability, lubricity and microbial control. Water soluble metal working fluids with different mineral oil content such as 40%, 43%, 55%, 70% and 90% were defined as test candidates for the study to represent the entire performance bandwidth of the metal working fluids. The above concentrates are mixed with water at 5% concentration are for this test. Water soluble metal working fluid concentrates with 40% mineral oil content was subjected phosphorous EP Additives dosages with 0.01%, 0.02% and 0.03% for providing extreme pressure lubricity. These concentrates are diluted with water at 5% and conducted wear study as per ASTM D 4712. Apparatus Four-ball wear tester used for investigation of understanding the characteristics of lubricants. The above tester uses four balls. Three balls are firmly held in a ball pot which contains the lubricant to be tested and are pressed with one ball on the top. The top ball rotated at 1200 rpm on the three balls at the bottom. The four-ball tribotester machine TR-30L manufactured by Ducom India. This tester is used to measure the wear scar. The oil cup assembly, collect and the ball bearings are the important components shown in the figure 2. Before conducting the test, these components are cleaned with acetone. Test Procedures Steel ball bearings were placed in the ball pot assembly and tightened by using a torque wrench such that bottom steel balls prevented from moving during the testing. In the collector, the spinning ball at the top is locked and tightened onto the spindle. The test metal working fluid fed into the ball pot assembly. The assembly is installed into disc in the four ball machine. The test load of 392N (40 kg) applied slowly to avoid shock loading. The metal working fluid being tested was heated to 75oC by the tribotesters built-in heater. Set the drive motor to drive the top ball at 1200 rpm about one hour when the temperature reached. Oil cup assembly removed after one hour by switching off the heater. The metal working fluid under test drained from the oil cup. The steel balls were wiped by using lint free industrial wipe. The surface of the bearings was captured and wear scar measured by using microscope. Result and discussion With the special microscope, the wear scar diameters of bottom ball bearings were measured and the mean values were calculated. Table 3 shows the Mean Wear Scar. Mean wear scar diameter increases with the load gradually. The mineral oil content plays important role in wear and shown in Table 3 and figure 3 and it has been observed that wear scar value reduced with increase in mineral oil content in the water soluble metal working fluid concentrate. The relation between MWSD and MO content can be represented by the Equation 1 that has R2 = 0.9684 MWSD = 0.00003(MO)2 – 0.0081(MO) + 1.1257 (1) As our aim is to develop water based metal working fluid using minimum MO content. Further down, 40% mineral oil content concentrate taken for study and imparted with Phosphate additives and mean wear scar diameter found. It was observed by increasing the antiwear additive, the MSWD decreases as shown in Table 2. Data in Table 2 have been used to develop the 2-level factorial design. The surface and contour plot of this design are given in Fig. 4 and Fig. 5 respectively. The software MINITAB 15 was used for the 2-level factorial design and Table 4 and Table 5 represent the result of the analysis. The regression equation is given by Eqn.2. MWSD = 0.7075 0.0675xMO – 0.0575x PE + 0.0275 x MO x PE(2) The result of Analysis of Variance is given in Table 5. This table gives the value of various errors and the effect of various terms. The response MWSD have been optimized using the MINITAB 15 software. The study shows that 0.03% phosphate EP additive and 90% MO gives the best result of 0.61 within the experimental region. However, we are using 40% MO as discussed earlier. Therefore, the 40% MO and 0.03% phosphate EP additive gives the MWSD of 0.69. The optimum value can be calculated from the Fig. 4 and Fig. 5 based on the maximum allowable MO content. Conclusion The tribology behavior of different metal working fluids at load (392N) were evaluated by Four ball tribotester machine and the results were compared. From the results, it can be concluded as 1.From the observation of wear scar condition, all the metal working fluids show abrasive wear. Severe adhesive wear found only in metal working fluid where there is low mineral oil content and rest of the samples found good. 2.Phosphate esters containing metal working fluid tend to impart anti-wear property to metal working fluids and with increase in quantity will leads to instability. 3.There was the general tendency for the wear, as indicated by the increased scar diameter, to increase the extreme pressure properties were improved. 4.Incorporation of antiwear additives for mineral oil containing 90% water soluble working fluid leads to instability. 5.A combination of 40% MO and 0.03% phosphate EP additives can be used production of water based metal working fluid.

Challenges And How To Overcome Them Essay

Even during the most downtrodden of economic times and perhaps even more during those times, the dream of starting a new business venture burns brightly in many people’s minds. The advantages of having a small online business range from lower start-up costs than brick-and-mortar operations to more streamlined administration. But successfully running an online business is far from easy. The moment a business decides to enter the online world, the very first challenge is creating a reliable website. A good designer can accomplish this, but a high-quality website is more than just visual attraction; it should also function smoothly and be designed for carrying out business. So the first issue that we faced is lack of computer expertise. We needs to possess more than a basic knowledge of the Internet to do business online. Necessary skills include knowing how to set up a website for business purposes and how to market our business online. Instead of this, we had do observation or google searching and read for relevant article or teaching materials either technology resources or visitor engagement resources. Another issue is limitations of business types. Some types of businesses may not be suited for the Internet, particularly those products involve the use of the senses. For example, if the unique selling point of our product is its pleasant aroma. After we decides to selling snacks online we just realise that we are facing this problem. So we decide to sell those famous and top selling Japanese snack for example our main products – Kit Kat, although it is not Japanese. However, Kit Kat is consistently one of the top selling chocolate bars in Japan and because of Kit Kat in Japan has many varieties not available in other countries. We also will inform our customers that Kit Kat Japan has developed a new chocolate bar that can be eaten as is, or baked. It has been introduced as an oven bake version of its famous Kit Kat bar Instead of melting into a messy puddle of chocolate sauce and wafer bits, after two minutes in the oven the candy bar will bake into a crispy cookie. With restaurants in the country quick to use the two-finger chocolate snack in new pizza recipes. So we encourage our customers to have a try on it. While another is about privacy and security concerns. Even if we take precautions such as setting up a secure payment page for customer purchases, we still may be susceptible  to unscrupulous individuals who hack our system and steal our customers’ private information. This can be used to drain our customers’ bank accounts or steal their identities. So we may not be able to do business with prospects who don’t trust making purchases online. Because of this, we provide face to face or deliver personally service to our customers to overcome this problems. Furthermore, we generating high traffic but low sales. We consider have a large online following, but few customers who make purchases. To overcome this issue, we may need to fine-tune our efforts. We start by evaluating our goals. Others than that, we want visitors to our page or blog to call us, we had list the phone number in an easy-to-spot place. After the website comes its content, and it should be valuable content, the kind that will attract readers and internet users interested in our services or products. Content marketing is all the rage. But everything online is some form of content or another. That means all online marketing is content marketing. And that’s the source of a big problem. Much of this effort is based on some big assumptions that may are largely wrong. Maybe no one reads what we write or no one reads what we share. We need to have specific and meaningful content. What we need is to engage people, not just catch their eye for a moment. So, whatever form we use, we make sure speak to the right audience and provide something with substance. Be real with people. We are better off gaining a prospect’s or customer’s respect rather than tricking them into doing business with us. Giving respect helps gain it and give something meaningful. We are also struggling with stale content. We have worked to create a beautiful Facebook page or blog design but don’t post new information on a regular basis, potential customers may click elsewhere. We don’t have time to keep content fresh. So we decide another way to keep content fresh is to include readers. So we try posting open-ended questions or comments and asking the audience to share their opinions or thoughts. By getting to know our followers, we will be able to tailor our next sales offer to customer interests and needs. Even during the most downtrodden of economic times and perhaps even more during those times, the dream of starting a new business venture burns brightly in many people’s minds. The advantages of having a small online business range from lower start-up costs than brick-and-mortar operations to more streamlined administration. But successfully running an online business is far from  easy. The moment a business decides to enter the online world, the very first challenge is creating a reliable website. A good designer can accomplish this, but a high-quality website is more than just visual attraction; it should also function smoothly and be designed for carrying out business. So the first issue that we faced is lack of computer expertise. We needs to possess more than a basic knowledge of the Internet to do business online. Necessary skills include knowing how to set up a website for business purposes and how to market our business online. Instead of this, we had do observation or google searching and read for relevant article or teaching materials either technology resources or visitor engagement resources. Another issue is limitations of business types. Some types of businesses may not be suited for the Internet, particularly those products involve the use of the senses. For example, if the unique selling point of our product is its pleasant aroma. After we decides to selling snacks online we just realise that we are facing this problem. So we decide to sell those famous and top selling Japanese snack for example our main products – Kit Kat, although it is not Japanese. However, Kit Kat is consistently one of the top selling chocolate bars in Japan and because of Kit Kat in Japan has many varieties not available in other countries. We also will inform our customers that Kit Kat Japan has developed a new chocolate bar that can be eaten as is, or baked. It has been introduced as an oven bake version of its famous Kit Kat bar Instead of melting into a messy puddle of chocolate sauce and wafer bits, after two minutes in the oven the candy bar will bake into a crispy cookie. With restaurants in the country quick to use the two-finger chocolate snack in new pizza recipes. So we encourage our customers to have a try on it. While another is about privacy and security concerns. Even if we take precautions such as setting up a secure payment page for customer purchases, we still may be susceptible to unscrupulous individuals who hack our system and steal our customers’ private information. This can be used to drain our customers’ bank accounts or steal their identities. So we may not be able to do business with prospects who don’t trust making purchases online. Because of this, we provide face to face or deliver personally service to our customers to overcome this problems. Furthermore, we generating high traffic but low sales. We consider have a large online following, but few customers who make  purchases. To overcome this issue, we may need to fine-tune our efforts. We start by evaluating our goals. Others than that, we want visitors to our page or blog to call us, we had list the phone number in an easy-to-spot place. After the website comes its content, and it should be valuable content, the kind that will attract readers and internet users interested in our services or products. Content marketing is all the rage. But everything online is some form of content or another. That means all online marketing is content marketing. And that’s the source of a big problem. Much of this effort is based on some big assumptions that may are largely wrong. Maybe no one reads what we write or no one reads what we share. We need to have specific and meaningful content. What we need is to engage people, not just catch their eye for a moment. So, whatever form we use, we make sure speak to the right audience and provide something with substance. Be real with people. We are better off gaining a prospect’s or customer’s respect rather than tricking them into doing business with us. Giving respect helps gain it and give something meaningful. We are also struggling with stale content. We have work ed to create a beautiful Facebook page or blog design but don’t post new information on a regular basis, potential customers may click elsewhere. We don’t have time to keep content fresh. So we decide another way to keep content fresh is to include readers. So we try posting open-ended questions or comments and asking the audience to share their opinions or thoughts. By getting to know our followers, we will be able to tailor our next sales offer to customer interests and needs. Even during the most downtrodden of economic times and perhaps even more during those times, the dream of starting a new business venture burns brightly in many people’s minds. The advantages of having a small online business range from lower start-up costs than brick-and-mortar operations to more streamlined administration. But successfully running an online business is far from easy. The moment a business decides to enter the online world, the very first challenge is creating a reliable website. A good designer can accomplish this, but a high-quality website is more than just visual attraction; it should also function smoothly and be designed for carrying out business. So the first issue that we faced is lack of computer expertise. We needs to possess m ore than a basic knowledge of the Internet to do business online. Necessary skills include knowing how to set up a  website for business purposes and how to market our business online. Instead of this, we had do observation or google searching and read for relevant article or teaching materials either technology resources or visitor engagement resources. Another issue is limitations of business types. Some types of businesses may not be suited for the Internet, particularly those products involve the use of the senses. For example, if the unique selling point of our product is its pleasant aroma. After we decides to selling snacks online we just realise that we are facing this problem. So we decide to sell those famous and top selling Japanese snack for example our main products – Kit Kat, although it is not Japanese. However, Kit Kat is consistently one of the top selling chocolate bars in Japan and because of Kit Kat in Japan has many varieties not available in other countries. We also will inform our customers that Kit Kat Japan has dev eloped a new chocolate bar that can be eaten as is, or baked. It has been introduced as an oven bake version of its famous Kit Kat bar Instead of melting into a messy puddle of chocolate sauce and wafer bits, after two minutes in the oven the candy bar will bake into a crispy cookie. With restaurants in the country quick to use the two-finger chocolate snack in new pizza recipes. So we encourage our customers to have a try on it. While another is about privacy and security concerns. Even if we take precautions such as setting up a secure payment page for customer purchases, we still may be susceptible to unscrupulous individuals who hack our system and steal our customers’ private information. This can be used to drain our customers’ bank accounts or steal their identities. So we may not be able to do business with prospects who don’t trust making purchases online. Because of this, we provide face to face or deliver personally service to our customers to overcome this problems. Furthermore, we generating high traffic but low sales. We consider have a large online following, but few customers who make purchases. To overcome this issue, we may need to fine-tune our efforts. We start by evaluating our goals. Others than that, we want visitors to our page or blog to call us, we had list the phone number in an easy-to-spot place. After the website comes its content, and it should be valuable content, the kind that will attract readers and internet users interested in our services or products. Content marketing is all the rage. But everything online is some form of content or another. That means all online  marketing is content marketing. And that’s the source of a big problem. Much of this effort is based on some big assumptions that may are largely wrong. Maybe no one reads what we write or no one reads what we share. We need to have specific and meaningful content. What we need is to engage people, not just catch their eye for a moment. So, whatever f orm we use, we make sure speak to the right audience and provide something with substance. Be real with people. We are better off gaining a prospect’s or customer’s respect rather than tricking them into doing business with us. Giving respect helps gain it and give something meaningful. We are also struggling with stale content. We have worked to create a beautiful Facebook page or blog design but don’t post new information on a regular basis, potential customers may click elsewhere. We don’t have time to keep content fresh. So we decide another way to keep content fresh is to include readers. So we try posting open-ended questions or comments and asking the audience to share their opinions or thoughts. By getting to know our followers, we will be able to tailor our next sales offer to customer interests and needs. Even during the most downtrodden of economic times and perhaps even more during those times, the dream of starting a new business venture burns brightly in many people’s minds. The advantages of having a small online business range from lower start-up costs than brick-and-mortar operations to more streamlined administration. But successfully running an online business is far from easy. The moment a business decides to enter the online world, the very first challenge is creating a reliable website. A good designer can accomplish this, but a high-quality website is more than just visual attraction; it should also function smoothly and be designed for carrying out business. So the first issue that we faced is lack of computer expertise. We needs to possess more than a basic knowledge of the Internet to do business online. Necessary skills include knowing how to set up a website for business purposes and how to market our business online. Instead of this, we had do observation or google searching and read for relevant article or teaching materials either technology resources or visitor engagement resources. Another issue is limitations of business types. Some types of businesses may not be suited for the Internet, particularly those products involve the use of the senses. For example, if the unique selling point of our product is its pleasant aroma. After we decides to selling  snacks online we just realise that we are facing this problem. So we decide to sell those famous and top selling Japanese snack for example our main products – Kit Kat, although it is not Japanese. However, Kit Kat is consistently one of the top selling chocolate bars in Japan and because of Kit Kat in Japan has many varieties not available in other countries. We also will inform our customers that Kit Kat Japan has developed a new chocolate bar that can be eaten as is, or baked. It has been introduced as an oven bake version of its famous Kit Kat bar Instead of melting into a messy puddle of chocolate sauce and wafer bits, after two minutes in the oven the candy bar will bake into a crispy cookie. With restaurants in the country quick to use the two-finger chocolate snack in new pizza recipes. So we encourage our customers to have a try on it. While another is about privacy and security concerns. Even if we take precautions such as setting up a secure payment page for customer purchases, we still may be susceptible to unscrupulous individuals who hack our system and steal our customers’ private information. This can be used to drain our customers’ bank accounts or steal their identities. So we may not be able to do business with prospects who don’t trust making purchases online. Because of this, we provide face to face or deliver personally service to our customers to overcome this problems. Furthermore, we generating high traffic but low sales. We consider have a large online following, but few customers who make purchases. To overcome this issue, we may need to fine-tune our efforts. We start by evaluating our goals. Others than that, we want visitors to our page or blog to call us, we had list the phone number in an easy-to-spot place. After the website comes its content, and it should be valuable content, the kind that will attract readers and internet users interested in our services or products. Content marketing is all the rage. But everything online is some form of content or another. That means all online marketing is content marketing. And that’s the source of a big problem. Much of this effort is based on some big assumptions that may are largely wrong. Maybe no one reads what we write or no one reads what we share. We need to have specific and meaningful content. What we need is to engage people, not just catch their eye for a moment. So, whatever form we use, we make sure speak to the right audience and provide something with substance. Be real with people. We are better off gaining a prospect’s or customer’s respect  rather than tricking them into doing business with us. Giving respect helps gain it and give something meaningful. We are also struggling with stale content. We have worked to create a beautiful Facebook page or blog design but don’t post new information on a regular basis, potential customers may click elsewhere. We don’t have time to keep content fresh. So we decide another way to keep content fresh is to include readers. So we try posting open-ended questions or comments and asking the audience to share their opinions or thoughts. By getting to know our followers, we will be able to tailor our next sales offer to customer interests and needs. Even during the most downtrodden of economic times and perhaps even more during those times, the dream of starting a new business venture burns brightly in many people’s minds. The advantages of having a small online business range from lower start-up costs than brick-and-mortar operations to more streamlined administration. But successfully running an online business is far from easy. The moment a business decides to enter the online world, the very first challenge is creatin g a reliable website. A good designer can accomplish this, but a high-quality website is more than just visual attraction; it should also function smoothly and be designed for carrying out business. So the first issue that we faced is lack of computer expertise. We needs to possess more than a basic knowledge of the Internet to do business online. Necessary skills include knowing how to set up a website for business purposes and how to market our business online. Instead of this, we had do observation or google searching and read for relevant article or teaching materials either technology resources or visitor engagement resources. Another issue is limitations of business types. Some types of businesses may not be suited for the Internet, particularly those products involve the use of the senses. For example, if the unique selling point of our product is its pleasant aroma. After we decides to selling snacks online we just realise that we are facing this problem. So we decide to sell those famous and top selling Japanese snack for example our main products – Kit Kat, although it is not Japanese. However, Kit Kat is consistently one of the top selling chocolate bars in Japan and because of Kit Kat in Japan has many varieties not availa ble in other countries. We also will inform our customers that Kit Kat Japan has developed a new chocolate bar that can be eaten as is, or baked. It has been introduced as  an oven bake version of its famous Kit Kat bar Instead of melting into a messy puddle of chocolate sauce and wafer bits, after two minutes in the oven the candy bar will bake into a crispy cookie. With restaurants in the country quick to use the two-finger chocolate snack in new pizza recipes. So we encourage our customers to have a try on it. While another is about privacy and security concerns. Even if we take precautions such as setting up a secure payment page for customer purchases, we still may be susceptible to unscrupulous individuals who hack our system and steal our customers’ private information. This can be used to drain our customers’ bank accounts or steal their identities. So we may not be able to do business with prospects who don’t trust making purchases online. Because of this, we provide face to face or deliver personally service to our customers to overcome this problems. Furthermore, we generating high traffic but low sales. We consider have a large online following, but few customers who make purchases. To overcome this issue, we may need to fine-tune our efforts. We start by evaluating our goals. Others than that, we want visitors to our page or blog to call us, we had list the phone number in an easy-to-spot place. After the website comes its content, and it should be valuable content, the kind that will attract readers and internet users interested in our services or products. Content marketing is all the rage. But everything online is some form of content or another. That means all online marketing is content marketing. And that’s the source of a big problem. Much of this effort is based on some big assumptions that may are largely wrong. Maybe no one reads what we write or no one reads what we share. We need to have specific and meaningful content. What we need is to engage people, not just catch their eye for a moment. So, whatever form we use, we make sure speak to the right audience and provide something with substance. Be real with people. We are better off gaining a prospect’s or customer’s respect rather than tricking them into doing business with us. Giving respect helps gain it and give something meaningful. We are also struggling with stale content. We have worked to create a beautiful Facebook page or blog design but don’t post new information on a regular basis, potential customers may click elsewhere. We don’t have time to keep content fresh. So we decide another way to keep content fresh is to include readers. So we try posting open-ended questions or comments and asking the audience to share their  opinions or thoughts. By getting to know our followers, we will be able to tailor our next sales offer to customer interests and needs. Even during the most downtrodden of economic times and perhaps even more during those times, the dream of starting a new business venture burns brightly in many people’s minds. The advantages of having a small online busines s range from lower start-up costs than brick-and-mortar operations to more streamlined administration. But successfully running an online business is far from easy. The moment a business decides to enter the online world, the very first challenge is creating a reliable website. A good designer can accomplish this, but a high-quality website is more than just visual attraction; it should also function smoothly and be designed for carrying out business. So the first issue that we faced is lack of computer expertise. We needs to possess more than a basic knowledge of the Internet to do business online. Necessary skills include knowing how to set up a website for business purposes and how to market our business online. Instead of this, we had do observation or google searching and read for relevant article or teaching materials either technology resources or visitor engagement resources. Another issue is limitations of business types. Some types of businesses may not be suited for the Internet, particularly those products involve the use of the senses. For example, if the unique selling point of our product is its pleasant aroma. After we decides to selling snacks online we just realise that we are facing this problem. So we decide to sell those famous and top selling Japanese snack for example our main products – Kit Kat, although it is not Japanese. However, Kit Kat is consistently one of the top selling chocolate bars in Japan and because of Kit Kat in Japan has many varieties not available in other countries. We also will inform our customers that Kit Kat Japan has developed a new chocolate bar that can be eaten as is, or baked. It has been introduced as an oven bake version of its famous Kit Kat bar Instead of melting into a messy puddle of chocolate sauce and wafer bits, after two minutes in the oven the candy bar will bake into a crispy cookie. With restaurants in the country quick to use the two-finger chocolate snack in new pizza recipes. So we encourage our customers to have a try on it. While another is about privacy and security concerns. Even if we take precautions such as setting up a sec ure payment page for customer purchases, we still may be susceptible  to unscrupulous individuals who hack our system and steal our customers’ private information. This can be used to drain our customers’ bank accounts or steal their identities. So we may not be able to do business with prospects who don’t trust making purchases online. Because of this, we provide face to face or deliver personally service to our customers to overcome this problems. Furthermore, we generating high traffic but low sales. We consider have a large online following, but few customers who make purchases. To overcome this issue, we may need to fine-tune our efforts. We start by evaluating our goals. Others than that, we want visitors to our page or blog to call us, we had list the phone number in an easy-to-spot place. After the website comes its content, and it should be valuable content, the kind that will attract readers and internet users interested in our services or products. Content marketing is all the rage. But everything online is some form of content or another. That means all online marketing is content marketing. And that’s the sourc e of a big problem. Much of this effort is based on some big assumptions that may are largely wrong. Maybe no one reads what we write or no one reads what we share. We need to have specific and meaningful content. What we need is to engage people, not just catch their eye for a moment. So, whatever form we use, we make sure speak to the right audience and provide something with substance. Be real with people. We are better off gaining a prospect’s or customer’s respect rather than tricking them into doing business with us. Giving respect helps gain it and give something meaningful. We are also struggling with stale content. We have worked to create a beautiful Facebook page or blog design but don’t post new information on a regular basis, potential customers may click elsewhere. We don’t have time to keep content fresh. So we decide another way to keep content fresh is to include readers. So we try posting open-ended questions or comments and asking the audience to share their opinions or thoughts. By getting to know our followers, we will be able to tail or our next sales offer to customer interests and needs. Even during the most downtrodden of economic times and perhaps even more during those times, the dream of starting a new business venture burns brightly in many people’s minds. The advantages of having a small online business range from lower start-up costs than brick-and-mortar operations to more streamlined administration. But successfully running an online business is far from  easy. The moment a business decides to enter the online world, the very first challenge is creating a reliable website. A good designer can accomplish this, but a high-quality website is more than just visual attraction; it should also function smoothly and be designed for carrying out business. So the first issue that we faced is lack of computer expertise. We needs to possess more than a basic knowledge of the Internet to do business online. Necessary skills include knowing how to set up a website for business purposes and how to market our business online. Instead of this, we had do observation or google searching and read for relevant article or teaching materials either technology resources or visitor engagement resources. Another issue is limitations of business types. Some types of businesses may not be suited for the Internet, particularly those products involve the use of the senses. For example, if the unique selling point of our product is its pleasant aroma. After we decides to selling snacks online we just realise that we are facing this problem. So we decide to sell those famous and top selling Japanese snack for example our main products – Kit Kat, although it is not Japanese. However, Kit Kat is consistently one of the top selling chocolate bars in Japan and because of Kit Kat in Japan has many varieties not available in other countries. We also will inform our customers that Kit Kat Japan has developed a new chocolate bar that can be eaten as is, or baked. It has been introduced as an oven bake version of its famous Kit Kat bar Instead of melting into a messy puddle of chocolate sauce and wafer bits, after two minutes in the oven the candy bar will bake into a crispy cookie. With res taurants in the country quick to use the two-finger chocolate snack in new pizza recipes. So we encourage our customers to have a try on it. While another is about privacy and security concerns. Even if we take precautions such as setting up a secure payment page for customer purchases, we still may be susceptible to unscrupulous individuals who hack our system and steal our customers’ private information. This can be used to drain our customers’ bank accounts or steal their identities. So we may not be able to do business with prospects who don’t trust making purchases online. Because of this, we provide face to face or deliver personally service to our customers to overcome this problems. Furthermore, we generating high traffic but low sales. We consider have a large online following, but few customers who make  purchases. To overcome this issue, we may need to fine-tune our efforts. We start by evaluating our goals. Others than that, we want visitors to our page or blog to call us, we had list the phone number in an easy-to-spot place. After the website comes its content, and it should be valuable content, the kind that will attract readers and internet users interested in our services or products. Content marketing is all the rage. But everything online is some form of content or another. That means all online marketing is content marketing. And that’s the source of a big problem. Much of this effort is based on some big assumptions that may are largely wrong. Maybe no one reads what we write or no one reads what we share. We need to have specific and meaningful content. What we need is to engage people, not just catch their eye for a moment. So, whatever form we use, we make sure speak to the right audience and provide something with substance. Be real with people. We are better off gaining a prospect’s or customer’s respect rather than tricking them into doing business with us. Giving respect helps gain it and give something meaningful. We are also struggling with stale content. We have worked to create a beautiful Facebook page or blog design but don’t post new information on a regular basis, potential customers may click elsewhere. We don’t have time to keep content fresh. So we decide another way to keep content fresh is to include readers. So we try posting open-ended questions or comments and asking the audience to share their opinions or thoughts. By getting to know our followers, we will be able to tailor our next sales offer to customer interests and needs. Even during the most downtrodden of economic times and perhaps even more during those times, the dream of starting a new business venture burns brightly in many people’s minds. The advantages of having a small online business range from lower start-up costs than brick-and-mortar operations to more streamlined administration. But successfully running an online business is far from easy. The moment a business decides to enter the online world, the very first challenge is creating a reliable website. A good designer can accomplish this, but a high-quality website is more than just visual attraction; it should also function smoothly and be de signed for carrying out business. So the first issue that we faced is lack of computer expertise. We needs to possess more than a basic knowledge of the Internet to do business online. Necessary skills include knowing how to set up a  website for business purposes and how to market our business online. Instead of this, we had do observation or google searching and read for relevant article or teaching materials either technology resources or visitor engagement resources. Another issue is limitations of business types. Some types of businesses may not be suited for the Internet, particularly those products involve the use of the senses. For example, if the unique selling point of our product is its pleasant aroma. After we decides to selling snacks online we just realise that we are facing this problem. So we decide to sell those famous and top selling Japanese snack for example our main products – Kit Kat, although it is not Japanese. However, Kit Kat is consistently one of the top selling chocolate bars in Japan and because of Kit Kat in Japan has many varieties not available in other countries. We also will inform our customers that Kit Kat Japan has developed a new chocolate bar that can be eaten as is, or baked. It has been introduced as an oven bake version of its famous Kit Kat bar Instead of melting into a messy puddle of chocolate sauce and wafer bits, after two minutes in the oven the candy bar will bake into a crispy cookie. With restaurants in the country quick to use the two-finger chocolate snack in new pizza recipes. So we encourage our customers to have a try on it. While another is about privacy and security concerns. Even if we take precautions such as setting up a secure payment page for customer purchases, we still may be susceptible to unscrupulous individuals who hack our system and steal our customers’ private information. This can be used to drain our customers’ bank accounts or steal their identities. So we may not be able to do business with prospects who don’t trust making purchases online. Because of this, we provide face to fac e or deliver personally service to our customers to overcome this problems. Furthermore, we generating high traffic but low sales. We consider have a large online following, but few customers who make purchases. To overcome this issue, we may need to fine-tune our efforts. We start by evaluating our goals. Others than that, we want visitors to our page or blog to call us, we had list the phone number in an easy-to-spot place. After the website comes its content, and it should be valuable content, the kind that will attract readers and internet users interested in our services or products. Content marketing is all the rage. But everything online is some form of content or another. That means all online  marketing is content marketing. And that’s the source of a big problem. Much of this effort is based on some big assumptions that may are largely wrong. Maybe no one reads what we write or no one reads what we share. We need to have specific and meaningful content. What we need is to engage people, not just catch their eye for a moment. So, whatever f orm we use, we make sure speak to the right audience and provide something with substance. Be real with people. We are better off gaining a prospect’s or customer’s respect rather than tricking them into doing business with us. Giving respect helps gain it and give something meaningful. We are also struggling with stale content. We have worked to create a beautiful Facebook page or blog design but don’t post new information on a regular basis, potential customers may click elsewhere. We don’t have time to keep content fresh. So we decide another way to keep content fresh is to include readers. So we try posting open-ended questions or comments and asking the audience to share their opinions or thoughts. By getting to know our followers, we will be able to tailor our next sales offer to customer interests and needs. Even during the most downtrodden of economic times and perhaps even more during those times, the dream of starting a new business venture burns brightly in many people’s minds. The advantages of having a small online business range from lower start-up costs than brick-and-mortar operations to more streamlined administration. But successfully running an online business is far from easy. The moment a business decides to enter the online world, the very first challenge is creating a reliable website. A good designer can accomplish this, but a high-quality website is more than just visual attraction; it should also function smoothly and be designed for carrying out business. So the first issue that we faced is lack of computer expertise. We needs to possess more than a basic knowledge of the Internet to do business online. Necessary skills include knowing how to set up a website for business purposes and how to market our business online. Instead of this, we had do observation or google searching and read for relevant article or teaching materials either technology resources or visitor engagement resources. Another issue is limitations of business types. Some types of businesses may not be suited for the Internet, particularly those products involve the use of the senses. For example, if the unique selling point of our product is its pleasant aroma. After we decides to selling  snacks online we just realise that we are facing this problem. So we decide to sell those famous and top selling Japanese snack for example our main products – Kit Kat, although it is not Japanese. However, Kit Kat is consistently one of the top selling chocolate bars in Japan and because of Kit Kat in Japan has many varieties not available in other countries. We also will inform our customers that Kit Kat Japan has developed a new chocolate bar that can be eaten as is, or baked. It has been introduced as an oven bake version of its famous Kit Kat bar Instead of melting into a messy puddle of chocolate sauce and wafer bits, after two minutes in the oven the candy bar will bake into a crispy cookie. With restaurants in the country quick to use the two-finger chocolate snack in new pizza recipes. So we encourage our customers to have a try on it. While another is about privacy and security concerns. Even if we take precautions such as setting up a secure payment page for customer purchases, we still may be susceptible to unscrupulous individuals who hack our system and steal our customers’ private information. This can be used to drain our customers’ bank accounts or steal their identities. So we may not be able to do business with prospects who don’t trust making purchases online. Because of this, we provide face to face or deliver personally service to our customers to overcome this problems. Furthermore, we generating high traffic but low sales. We consider have a large online following, but few customers who make purchases. To overcome this issue, we may need to fine-tune our efforts. We start by evaluating our goals. Others than that, we want visitors to our page or blog to call us, we had list the phone number in an easy-to-spot place. After the website comes its content, and it should be valuable content, the kind that will attract readers and internet users interested in our services or products. Content marketing is all the rage. But everything online is some form of content or another. That means all online marketing is content marketing. And that’s the source of a big problem. Much of this effort is based on some big assumptions that may are largely wrong. Maybe no one reads what we write or no one reads what we share. We need to have specific and meaningful content. What we need is to engage people, not just catch their eye for a moment. So, whatever form we use, we make sure speak to the right audience and provide something with substance. Be real with people. We are better off gaining a prospect’s or customer’s respect  rather than tricking them into doing business with us. Giving respect helps gain it and give something meaningful. We are also struggling with stale content. We have worked to create a beautiful Facebook page or blog design but don’t post new information on a regular basis, potential customers may click elsewhere. We don’t have time to keep content fresh. So we decide another way to keep content fresh is to include readers. So we try posting open-ended questions or comments and asking the audience to share their opinions or thoughts. By getting to know our followers, we will be able to tailor our next sales offer to customer interests and needs. Even during the most downtrodden of economic times and perhaps even more during those times, the dream of starting a new business venture burns brightly in many people’s minds. The advantages of having a small online business range from lower start-up costs than brick-and-mortar operations to more streamlined administration. But successfully running an online business is far from easy. The moment a business decides to enter the online world, the very first challenge is creating a reliable website. A good designer can accomplish this, but a high-quality website is more than just visual attraction; it should also function smoothly and be designed for carrying out business. So the first issue that we faced is lack of computer expertise. We needs to possess more than a basic knowledge of the Internet to do business online. Necessary skills include knowing how to set up a website for business purposes and how to market our business online. Instead of this, we had do observation or google searching and read for relevant article or teaching materials either technology resources or visitor engagement resources. Another issue is limitations of business types. Some types of businesses may not be suited for the Internet, particularly those products involve the use of the senses. For example, if the unique selling point of our product is its pleasant aroma. After we decides to selling snacks online we just realise that we are facing this problem. So we decide to sell those famous and top selling Japanese snack for example our main products – Kit Kat, although it is not Japanese. However, Kit Kat is consistently one of the top selling chocolate bars in Japan and because of Kit Kat in Japan has many varieties not available in other countries. We also will inform our customers that Kit Kat Japan has developed a new chocolate bar that can be eaten as is, or baked. It has been introduced as  an oven bake version of its famous Kit Kat bar Instead of melting into a messy puddle of chocolate sauce and wafer bits, after two minutes in the oven the candy bar will bake into a crispy cookie. With restaurants in the country quick to use the two-finger chocolate snack in new pizza recipes. So we encourage our customers to have a try on it. While another is about privacy and security concerns. Even if we take precautions such as setting up a secure payment page for customer purchases, we still may be susceptible to unscrupulous individuals who hack our system and steal our customers’ private information. This can be used to drain our customers’ bank accounts or steal their identities. So we may not be able to do business with prospects who don’t trust making purchases online. Because of this, we provide face to face or deliver personally service to our customers to overcome this problems. Furthermore, we generating high traffic but low sales. We consider have a large online following, but few customers who make purchases. To overcome this issue, we may need to fine-tune our efforts. We start by evaluating our goals. Others than that, we want visitors to our page or blog to call us, we had list the phone number in an easy-to-spot place. After the website comes its content, and it should be valuable content, the kind that will attract readers and internet users interested in our services or products. Content marketing is all the rage. But everything online is some form of content or another. That means all online marketing is content marketing. And that’s the source of a big problem. Much of this effort is based on some big assumptions that may are largely wrong. Maybe no one reads what we write or no one reads what we share. We need to have specific and meaningful content. What we need is to engage people, not just catch their eye for a moment. So, whatever form we use, we make sure speak to the right audience and provide something with substance. Be real with people. We are better off gaining a prospect’s or customer’s respect rather than tricking them into doing business with us. Giving respect helps gain it and give something meaningful. We are also struggling with stale content. We have worked to create a beautiful Facebook page or blog design but don’t post new information on a regular basis, potential customers may click elsewhere. We don’t have time to keep content fresh. So we decide another way to keep content fresh is to include readers. So we try posting open-ended questions or comments and asking the audience to share their  opinions or thoughts. By getting to know our followers, we will be able to tailor our next sales offer to customer interests and needs. Even during the most downtrodden of economic times and perhaps even more during those times, the dream of starting a new business venture burns brightly in many people’s minds. The advantages of having a small online business range from lower start-up costs than brick-and-mortar operations to more streamlined administration. But successfully running an online business is far from easy. The moment a business decides to enter the online world, the very first challenge is creating a reliable website. A good designer can accomplish this, but a high-quality website is more than just visual attraction; it should also function smoothly and be designed for carrying out business. So the first issue that we faced is lack of computer expertise. We needs to possess more than a basic knowledge of the Internet to do business online. Necessary skills include knowing how to set up a website for business purposes and how to market our business online. Instead of this, we had do observation or google searching and read for relevant article or teaching materials either technology resources or visitor engagement resources. Another issue is limitations of business types. Some types of businesses may not be suited for the Internet, particularly those products involve the use of the senses. For example, if the unique selling point of our product is its pleasant aroma. After we decides to selling snacks online we just realise that we are facing this problem. So we decide to sell those famous and top selling Japanese snack for example our main products – Kit Kat, although it is not Japanese. However, Kit Kat is consistently one of the top selling chocolate bars in Japan and because of Kit Kat in Japan has many varieties not available in other countries. We also will inform our customers that Kit Kat Japan has developed a new chocolate bar that can be eaten as is, or baked. It has been introduced as an oven bake version of its famous Kit Kat bar Instead of melting into a messy puddle of chocolate sauce and wafer bits, after two minutes in the oven the candy bar will bake into a crispy cookie. With restaurants in the country quick to use the two-finger chocolate snack in new pizza recipes. So we encourage our customers to have a try on it. While another is about privacy and security concerns. Even if we take precautions such as setting up a secure payment page for customer purchases, we still may be susceptible  to unscrupulous individuals who hack our system and steal our customers’ private information. This can be used to drain our customers’ bank accounts or steal their identities. So we may not be able to do business with prospects who don’t trust making purchases online. Because of this, we provide face to face or deliver personally service to our customers to overcome this problems. Furthermore, we generating high traffic but low sales. We consider have a large online following, but few customers who make purchases. To overcome this issue, we may need to fine-tune our efforts. We start by evaluating our goals. Others than that, we want visitors to our page or blog to call us, we had list the phone number in an easy-to-spot place. After the website comes its content, and it should be valuable content, the kind that will attract readers and internet users interested in our services or products. Content marketing is all the rage. But everything online is some form of content or another. That means all online marketing is content marketing. And that’s the source of a big problem. Much of this effort is based on some big assumptions that may are largely wrong. Maybe no one reads what we write or no one reads what we share. We need to have specific and meaningful content. What we need is to engage people, not just catch their eye for a moment. So, whatever form we use, we make sure speak to the right audience and provide something with substance. Be real with people. We are better off gaining a prospect’s or customer’s respect rather than tricking them into doing business with us. Giving respect helps gain it and give something meaningful. We are also struggling with stale content. We have worked to create a beautiful Facebook page or blog design but don’t post new information on a regular basis, potential customers may click elsewhere. We don’t have time to keep content fresh. So we decide another way to keep content fresh is to include readers. So we try posting open-ended questions or comments and asking the audience to share their opinions or thoughts. By getting to know our followers, we will be able to tailor our next sales offer to customer interests and needs.

Prospects for the Measurement and Management Essay

Research Assessment Exercise is an exercise that is carried out at an interval of about five years aimed at evaluating the quality of research that is undertaken by British higher education institutions. The exercise is undertaken basically on behalf of the four United Kingdom funding councils of the higher education. The research Excellence Framework came as a successor to the Research Assessment Exercise as a method of assessing the research of British higher education institutions. As a mew framework it is expected to produce a robust indication of research excellence for all disciplines following the failures of its predecessor. Both have faced much criticism from scholars who feel that the mode of operation of these assessment exercises is not standard and is marred with misleading information that has grave consequences to the value of higher education n the country. How they operate Research Assessment Exercise uses specialists in the particular fields of research to make submissions to the councils that are ranked by the review panel. The assessment process places much emphasis on the quality of research outputs which includes the papers published in academic journals as well as conference proceedings. The process of assessment also takes into consideration the environment on which the research was carried out as well as indicators of esteem. Each discipline of study that the research is based on has a panel that is well vast with that discipline that determines the rules that will be used as the general guidelines of the assessment exercise. The institutions are also invited to submit their research outputs that are published over a given period. The Research Assessment Exercise takes into consideration the research outputs made by full time members of staff in the research that have been selected for the inclusion. The Research Excellence Framework came as a successor to the Research Assessment Exercise that had highly been criticized by academics in the United Kingdom. It substituted Research Assessment Exercise as a method of assessing the research carried out by British higher education institutions. As a new assessment strategy it is aimed at producing an indication of research excellence in higher education institutions that is robust and can be used as a benchmark quality adjacent to international standards. It also aims to provide a basis that can be used in the distribution of funds to research institutions reducing the administrative burden on institutions. It aims to avoid creating an undesirable behavioral incentive and promote equality and diversity by providing a stable framework on which there will be continued support of a world-leading research foundation within higher education institutions. Both are considered important based on their operations in the society. This is based on the fact that they give insight to the funding councils on the way that they will fund the higher education institution based on the credibility of the research of each institution. They as well show the excellence of the different higher education institutions which helps the public in monitoring the progress of the education institutions in the country (Business Video News, 2010). Criticism The Research Assessment Exercise has highly been criticized on the basis of the fact that happens to ignore the publications made by many full time researchers in the United Kingdom. This has been attributed to the fact that most of these researchers whose publications are ignored are employed on basis of contracts that have a fixed term. The guidelines made by Research Assessment Exercise of the year 2008 attribute that most research assistants are not eligible to be attributed as research active staff (Andrew, 2008). It also excludes the publications made by researchers on fixed term contracts from the assessment exercise unless they can be credited to a staff member who is eligible for the assessment exercise. Criticism has also been raised on the expertise of the panel to evaluate the quality of the research outputs. This is on the basis of the fact that the performance of experts happens to be less when they work in fields that are outside their specific areas of specialization. The Research Assessment Exercise has also been criticized on the basis of the impact that it has on the institution of higher education. This is based on the outcomes of the assessment exercise that have led to the closure of departments that have strong research profiles as well as adequate student recruitment. This has led to massive loss of jobs, demoralization of staff as well as narrowing of the opportunities of research over concentrating funds leading to the undermining of the relationship between teaching and research. The assessment exercise has been criticized as an exercise that has the impact of destruction of the higher education system in the United Kingdom raising its opposition by academics. The criticism to both Research Assessment Exercise and Research Excellence Framework has highly been centered on the fact that the research that is made by the higher education institutions is usually rewarded on the basis of the economic impact that it has. This has been based on the idea that these research assessment exercises assess the research made by the institutions and rank them on the basis of the economic impacts that their research outcomes have on the economy of the country (Chanson, 2007). Based on the economic impact of their research, the institutions are then funded by the funding councils and this has raised much of the criticism. The basis of many academics opposing these assessment structures is the thought of the economic emphasis that is placed on their researches (Felipe, 2009). This has raised the high opposition of both assessment exercises by the academics on the basis that the exercises require them to place much emphasis on research that have an economic benefit. The argument of the academics is the fact the research assessment exercises focus their attention on one aspect of their research that is economic. The feel of the academics is that the assessment exercises are discriminatory on the basis that their attention is on the economic impact that the research has on the society rather than the significance of the research itself. This makes the academics have the idea that their field of research is compromised in the sense that they have to make research findings that have an economic benefit on the society. The indication that research proposals should indicate the economic impacts that the research has on the society has been viewed as a move that limits their scholarly freedom. This is on account of the fact that the indication of the economic impact of the research limits the field of the research. This is on account of the fact that it creates a bias situation in which the researchers are bound to give improper reports on their research. This is in regard to Research Excellence Framework which has it that it will allocate a quarter of United Kingdoms university research funding on the basis of the impact of the research (Andrew, 2009). This is viewed as to create a loophole in which higher education institution may carry out research with the aim of meeting the impact rather than the educational goal of the research. It is also viewed as a factor that has the potential of leading to mislead research reports that are geared at creating the economic impact targeted by the assessment exercises in order to get the funding. It is seen as a move that limits the freedom of education on the grounds that it seeks to appreciate education on the basis of its economic impact in the society (An open letter to Research Councils UK, 2009). This is on the basis that academic researchers are responsible for the impartial pursuit of knowledge a factor that is undermined by the recommendations made by Research Excellence Framework. This is seen as a limitation in the field of education on the grounds that it interferes with the policy making in the scientific field. This is viewed to have the impact of limiting success in the scientific field on the basis that the freedom of research has been tampered with. This has led to academics opposing the assessment exercises feeling that they limit their freedom of pursuit of knowledge. This is on the grounds that it limits their field of research on the basis that they have to direct their research in a way that they have an economic benefit in the society. The limit is on the basis of the fact that science is a global discipline that has held non-interference policies that have led to the discovery of many important aspects in the field that have had much significance in the human life. The recommendation by the assessment exercises are viewed as a devastating move in the sense that some of the research made must not have an economic benefit in the society but may have massive impact in the society. This creates a situation in which the researchers cannot make some of their research reports owing to the fact that they do not have an economic benefit in the society. The scientific research has also been known to make findings that are hard to predict on the basis that their impact depend on certain factors that may change over time. This creates an uphill task for the researches on the account that they have to calculate the economic impact of their research that is at times dependant of the way that the research is applied in the society. The economic impact that is taken into consideration is also hard to determine as well as measure. This is based on the fact that there has not yet been an invention made that can be used in the determination as well as measurement of the economic impact that something has in the society (Jessica, 2009). This creates a situation in which what is considered as the economic impact is an assumption that is bound to change depending on factors that surround the operation of the research. The measurement of the economic impact that the findings have in the society is the main point of argument based on the fact that it is hard for this impact to be accurately measured. This raises a question of the criteria in which the assessment exercises use in the calculation of the economic impact that the reports from the research have in the society. The basis of argument is the fact that a clear calculation cannot be easily made raising concerns over the criteria that is used by the panel in the determination of this. This creates a situation in which the assessment panel is viewed as biased on account of the fact the economic impacts made are assumption thus the firm seen as to favor the research of the academics that they have interest in. The fact that academics are opposed to the assessment exercises does not necessarily mean that they are no longer to be managed. This is due to the fact that lack of their management can lead to the misuse of the funds allocated to them as well as carrying out of unwanted research that has less significance. This calls for the need of their management as a move that is aimed at their regulation as well as monitoring their activities. However, the management ought to be in a systematic way that does not limit their freedom of pursuit of knowledge. This is based on the fact that poor management strategies can be applied leading to the destruction of the learning process that is accompanied with the academics. The management ought to be directed on the distribution of the funds as well as monitoring the usage of the funds. This is aimed at avoiding embezzlement of the funds as well as the use of the funds in projects that are of less significance to the goal of academics. The management ought to give freedom for research based on the fact that academics are aimed at acquiring knowledge and this can only be achieved with the freedom to carry out research on any field. This is despite the impact that their findings have in the society and this should not be used as the basis of their funding. Some of the research is significant to the life of human beings but may not have economic significance which can not be used as the basis of funding academic research. Academic research is really a matter of serendipity on the basis that serendipitous discoveries play a significant role in the advancement of science. This is based in the fact that they offer a foundation on which important intellectual leaps of understanding are made. This is based on the fact that accidental discoveries reveal information that when contemplated can be developed into an important scientific discovery (Science Daily, 2009). Conclusion The assessment plan is an important idea that helps the public in the monitoring of the way the higher education institutions utilize the funds allocated to them by the funding councils. It also plays an important role in helping the public monitor the activities of the higher education institution so as to tell their progress in the pursuit of knowledge. However the criterion that has been used by the assessment exercises RAE and REF have been discriminatory and not beneficial to the academics leading to the destruction of the research activities of these higher education institutions. This is based on the fact that they lay much emphasis on certain aspects of the research such as their economic impacts which offers misleading information to the funding councils. This has raised the criticism that the exercises have faced from the academics. The measurement of the economic impacts of the research has also raised concern questioning the criteria used by the panel to determine the economic impact. This is based on the fact that there is no known criterion that can be used in the determination of this aspect of research findings that is used in the assessment exercise. Bibliography Andrew M. (2008). The researchers the RAE forgot. Viewed August 1, 2010 from Andrew O. (2009). REF should stay out of the game. Viewed August 1, 2010 from An open letter to Research Councils UK. (2009). Only scholarly freedom delivers real ‘impact’ 1. Viewed August 1, 2010 from Business Video News. (2010). David Willetts announces review of the impact requirement in the Research Excellence Framework. Viewed August 1, 2010 from Chanson, H. (2007). â€Å"Research Quality, Publications and Impact in Civil Engineering into the 21st Century. Publish or Perish, Commercial versus Open Access, Internet versus Libraries? † Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering, NRC, Vol. 34, No. 8, pp. 946-951 Felipe F. (2009). Poisonous impact. Viewed August 1, 2010 from Jessica S. (2009). Humanities research threatened by demands for ‘economic impact’. Viewed August 1, 2010 from Science Daily (2009). Accidental Discovery Produces Durable New Blue Pigment for Multiple Applications. Viewed August 1, 2010 from < http://www. sciencedaily. com/releases/2009/11/091116143621. htm>

The Tragic Women Of Tragedy - 985 Words

The Tragic Women of Tragedy Euripides and Sophocles wrote powerful tragedies that remain influential to this day. The vast majority of work recovered from this time is by male authorship. What remains about women of this time is written through the lens of male authors’ perspective and beliefs about the role of women in Greek culture. The works of these two playwrights frequently characterize women as unstable and dangerous. Agave, Antigone, and Medea are all undoubtedly the driving force behind the tragic action in these plays. It is their choices that lead to the pain and death of the people around them. Through an examination of the evidence from three separate works, Antigone, The Bacchae, and The Medea, the role of women in ancient Greek tragedy becomes clear. The actions of Agave, Antigone, and Medea repeatedly prove their characters instability and danger. Agave in Euripides tragedy, The Bacchae, is a violent example of how women were portrayed. Agave, the mother of Pen theus, joins the cult of Dionysus. Pentheus dresses as a woman to spy on the Maenads because of a burning curiosity as to the possible sexual nature of their gatherings. His plan is foiled when he is spotted hiding in a tree. The messenger depicts the demise of Pentheus at the hands of Agave, â€Å"But she was foaming at the mouth, and her crazy eyes rolling with frenzy. She was mad, stark mad, possessed by Bacchus. Ignoring his cries pity, she seized his left arm at the wrist; then, planting her foot uponShow MoreRelatedThe Tragedy Of Medea By Sophocles1611 Words   |  7 Pagesnecessary for a top-notch tragedy. While these norms may seem to be easily understood through the reading of Aristotle’s fine-tuned poetics, there is a different understanding that needs to be interpreted to truly grasp the significance and qualifications that makeup a good tragedy. Of the many tragedies that Euripides provides us with, I chose the tragedy of Medea to further analyze, and present a strong argument for why I think Aristotle would find Medea a top-notch tragedy. According to AristotleRead MoreOthello presents women as the victims of men1276 Words   |  6 Pagesin â€Å"Othello† Shakespeare presents women as the tragic victims of men? Throughout ‘Othello’, Shakespeare uses the manipulation of the protagonist, by the antagonist, Iago, to present a play controlled by men. In such a male dominated society, Shakespeare presents the women in the play as tragic victims at the hands of their husbands, in particular Desdemona and Emilia. Throughout this essay I will relate to the Aristotelian and Senecan descriptions of tragedy to come to a conclusion of how in ‘Othello’Read More Women as Instigators of Tragedy in the Works of William Shakespeare1219 Words   |  5 PagesWomen as Instigators of Tragedy in the Works of Shakespeare    It is the very error of the moon; She comes more nearer earth than she was wont, And makes men mad. (Othello 5.2.112-14)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The moon is often seen in literature as an allegory for love, virtue, and chastity. In Shakespeares comedies, especially, the moon is personified as Diana, the Roman goddess of chastity. In these comedies, the foolish antics of lovers (literally, lunatics) usually occur underRead MoreComparing Aristotle s Tragedy And Antigone 921 Words   |  4 Pageswere major characteristics of a tragedy and tragic hero. In Sophocles’ tragedy Antigone, Antigone’s two brothers Eteocles and and Polynices have been killed in battle. Creon has ruled that Polynices not be given a proper burial because he thinks he is a traitor. Antigone disobeys his wishes and buries him, so Creon orders that she be put to death, even though she is engaged to his son, Haemon. In this play, both Antigone and Creon could be a considered a tragic hero, but Creon possesses more ofRead MoreA Dolls House As A Tragic Hero Analysis967 Words   |  4 PagesA tra gic hero is defined as a person â€Å"who has achieved, or who has the ability to achieve greatness but who through a weakness, or tragic flaw in his character, falls into the depths of misery and often to his death† (Ingham 1). Within Oedipus Rex, Sophocles laid the foundation for what is now considered the ideal tragic hero. Within A Doll’s House, Ibsen creates a modern hero in Nora Helmer; a woman who was oppressed for going against social rules for saving her husband. Nora follows the AristotelianRead MoreOedipus And The Wife Of Bath Comparison861 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å" Life is a Tragedy for those who feel, and a Comedy for those who think† said Jean De La Bruyere. Like in Oedipus, Oedipus feels all the pain when he learned the truth. In The Wife of Bath, the knight think through his decision making when the aged women ask him to pick a question. A tragedy is about human potentiality, while comedy is about the struggle between the youth and the old. Al though comedy and tragedy both have character’s flaw, comedy and tragedy are completely contradictory. One startsRead MoreThe Tragic Hero Of Shakespeare s Othello1613 Words   |  7 Pages A tragedy is one of the most captivating forms of drama as it truly grasps the attention of its audience. It unleashes hidden emotions and allows the viewers to escape their own realities. In Aristotle’s, Poetics, he analyzes the theory of a tragedy and explains that the essential criteria of an ideal tragedy consists of the plot, character, thought, diction, spectacle, and song (Aristotle, 169). According to Aristotle, tragedies also often focus on a tragic hero who possesses a flaw which ultimatelyRead MoreThe Tragedy Of Macbeth By William Shakespeare1205 Words   |  5 PagesThe first tragic story created in ancient Greece. Tragedies were written as a form of catharsis or purgation of emotions. In these types of plays, the audience finds characters in which they can relate to wh ich is a tragic hero. The tragic hero creates his own failures based upon their own actions and produces a detrimental fate for himself. The process of the protagonist’s fall is based upon the tragic structure. The structure of a tragedy consists of the exposition, exciting force, hamartia, theRead More Is the story Daughters of the late Colonel more comic than tragic928 Words   |  4 PagesIs the story Daughters of the late Colonel more comic than tragic for the reader overall? Be sure to comment on Mansfield’s use of language. The story â€Å"Daughters of the late Colonel†, written by Katherine Mansfield takes place during Victorian times, based around two sister’s whose father had recently died. Mansfield describes the struggles of these two women as they try to express their femininity and overcome the barriers of etiquette and the presence of their father, whom they fearedRead MoreHenrik Ibsen s A Doll s House899 Words   |  4 Pagessociety has confined women to in that era. Some readers would consider Hedda Gabler to be a modern tragedy about a woman who fights against social constructs but meets a tragic end in her death However, other readers have interpreted Hedda as a vindictive and manipulative person with a bleak and cruel outlook of life. As a result of Hedda’s actions, such readers argue that she does not possess the qualities to be defined as a tragic figure. So what qualities make a character tragic and how does one go